Emotional intelligence: more important than IQ?

by Sylvia Sensiper, from: http://community.healthgate.com/GetContent.asp?siteid=ucsd&docid=/healthy/mind/1999/emotintell/index

Are you able to respond with the appropriate emotions in a difficult family environment? Are you empathetic with colleagues, but still able to manage stressful business situations? Are you aware of your emotions and able to cope on a daily basis? If so, you may have a high degree of what experts are calling "emotional intelligence," and it may be what brings you success in life.

Daniel Goleman certainly thinks so. As the author who first brought the term to public awareness in his 1995 best-selling book, Emotional Intelligence: Why it can matter more than IQ, Goleman has positioned himself at the center of a small cottage industry concerned with the concept of "emotional intelligence." He is the CEO of Emotional Intelligence Services, the co-chairman of the Consortium for Research on Emotional Intelligence in Organizations, and a popular speaker on the worldwide lecture circuit.

One of Goleman's main goals is to expand our notion of intelligence and show that "self-control, zeal and persistence, and the ability to motivate oneself" are crucial life skills. Like Howard Gardner, the Harvard University educator who proposed that "intelligence" has at least seven different varieties, Goleman seeks to influence the way we educate our children and ourselves. According to Goleman, our communal and ethical life depends on self-restraint and compassion, and the skills associated with emotional intelligence. Unlike intelligence quotient (IQ), which is considered an absolute given from birth, emotional intelligence is thought to be cultivated and enhanced throughout life.

Because his ideas are so intriguing, Goleman's work has become prominent in the way our culture looks at emotions. Goleman borrowed the phrase "emotional intelligence" from two academic researchers and then used scholarly research to support his ideas. This gave the book a more "popular" orientation than the work of the original researchers, Mayer and Salovey.

Borrowing from academia

John Mayer, Ph.D., a University of New Hampshire psychologist and Peter Salovey, Ph.D., a psychologist at Yale University, began writing about emotional intelligence in the late 1980s. Acknowledging that emotions and intellect are often thought of as opposites, the two professors began to consider what might be the consequences of a beneficial interaction between the two.

Research had already shown that strong feelings can help people perceive new alternatives or make better choices. Deep emotions, they reasoned, might even make human thinking more rational and profound. This led them to propose that "emotional intelligence"-that is, intelligence inspired by strong emotions-might in fact, make the difference between a conventional decision and a brilliant innovation. In Mayer and Salovey's example, emotional intelligence might mean the difference "between constructing the Brooklyn Bridge, with its renowned beauty, [or building]...the more mundane 59th Street Bridge." The authors also proposed that emotional intelligence "allows us to think more creatively and use our emotions to solve problems."

Blending ideas with science

Goleman was granted permission by the two authors to use the phrase "emotional intelligence," and then expanded on the concept in many ways. Like Salovey and Mayer, Goleman was interested in the interaction of the emotions and the intellect. But as a science writer rather than a scholar and academician, Goleman had freer rein to generalize from a very wide range of data. Citing neurologic evidence indicating that the amygdala and the prefrontal lobes of the brain are responsible for our emotional responses while the neocortex and other limbic structures are responsible for our rational thinking mind, Goleman constructed his basic argument.

He reasoned that "in a sense, we have two brains, two minds, and two different kinds of intelligence: rational and emotional." He also maintained that our use of emotional intelligence is as important in life as our intellectual capability. Hence was born an autonomous notion of "emotional intelligence" that had very distinct and different characteristics from the kind of intelligence associated with IQ.

Goleman's work

In his seminal work, Goleman described five domains that delineate the parameters of emotional intelligence.

Self-awareness- The ability to recognize a feeling as it is happening is fundamental to emotional intelligence. If we are unable to notice our emotions, we can be overwhelmed and can flounder at the mercy of these strong feelings.
Managing emotions- The ability to maintain an even keel or bounce back quickly from life's upsets builds on the preceding skill. We want to have a sense of control over our emotions so that we can deal with them appropriately.
Self-motivation- Underlying the accomplishment of any sort of goal is the ability to marshal our emotions in pursuit of that end. For creative tasks, focus and mastery (learning to delay gratification and stifle inappropriate desires) are important skills, and emotional control is essential.
Recognizing the emotions of others- "People" skills are based on a capacity for empathy and the ability to stay tuned to the emotions of others. Empathy kindles altruism and lies at the basis of professions that deal with caring for others, such as teaching, management, and the healing arts.
Handling relationships- Interpersonal effectiveness is dependent on our ability to manage the emotions of others. Brilliant projects and innovative insights are often never realized because of a lack of social competence and leadership skills.

The future of emotional intelligence

Goleman is not alone in the field. In fact, the concepts of emotional intelligence and the related idea of "emotional literacy"-fluency in all domains associated with emotional intelligence-have spawned a host of experts writing books and developing seminars and workshops. At the heart of the interest and discussion is one very important issue: while many abilities associated with emotional intelligence are innate, "emotional intelligence" is thought of as a set of learned skills. This, in turn, raises the question of whether it should be important to our overall social agenda.

Goleman's book, in fact, ends with a discussion of educational settings in which children are learning to attend to their emotions and manage their impact. In his later work, and in that of many of his colleagues, there is a concern about applying "emotional intelligence" to business situations and other broad life situations.

We probably all know someone whose brilliance is evident, but who has not had much success in life because of social ineptness or a lack of motivation. We probably also have friends who are vastly successful based simply on their abilities to handle social and business situations with finesse and care. The arguments about "emotional intelligence" have brought to public attention the need to consider intelligence as something other than IQ.

RESOURCES:

Gardner was one of the first to point out the limitations of IQ as a measure of intelligence. Only logical-mathematical and linguistic abilities are measured by IQ, and Gardner claims that human beings express many more kinds of "intelligences."

The Consortium for Research on Emotional Intelligence in Organizations
http://eiconsortium.org/
Applies the concept of emotional intelligence to the workplace.

The Institute for Health and Human Potential
http://www.ihhp.com/
Provides training in emotional intelligence for individuals and corporations. They also have books available for parents interested in applying the concept of emotional intelligence in parenting.

Go to: Research Findings on IQ, SQ, EI

Go to: Article on Misuse of EI by companies

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